(2022 journal article)
UCLA researchers: V. Kelly Turner
Managing stormwater is an important task for cities, and some methods to do so are “greener” than others. This study examines how local water professionals choose among different stormwater management options. In particular, what leads them to prioritize green infrastructure stormwater management options that provide wider benefits to ecosystems and society (such as rain gardens)? This survey of stormwater professionals from Cleveland and Denver revealed two patterns. First, water managers’ top priorities align with federal requirements for their cities. Second, managers’ other priorities align with their personal values. The upshot: the local leaders who most value the environment are most likely to choose “green” stormwater options that further urban greening goals.
(current project)
UCLA researchers include: Gregory Pierce, Jon Christensen, Sanjay Mohanty and others
L.A. County’s Safe Clean Water program funds projects to capture, clean, and reuse water runoff — and ultimately strengthen the local ecosystem and build community resilience. To help the program realize its full potential, our researchers are conducting a 2-year study with collaborators from across UCLA, funded by the L.A. County Flood Control District. The Luskin Center for Innovation is leading the equity focus of the study, measuring how the program allocates funding to disadvantaged communities and how residents prioritize project types. Results from the study will help the county and Safe Clean Water Program stakeholders assess both the priority of investment proposals and the impacts of the program over time.
Understanding Decision-making around Green Infrastructure and Stormwater Management
(Current project)
Research team at LCI: Kelly Turner and Kyra Gmoser-Daskalakis
Integrating green infrastructure into streetscapes and other urban environments may seem like no brainer in order to realize a range of environmental benefits. But the considerations are many for city decision-makers.
Through the STORMS project, we are examining how stormwater management decisions are made with respect to formal laws and policy and organizational norms. The STORMS project engages a multi-disciplinary team of researchers from UCLA, Kent State University, and Colorado State University using both social and physical science methods. One method involves surveying stormwater managers and stakeholders in the Cleveland and Denver regions. By better understanding decision-making processes around green infrastructure implementation and performing policy comparisons, the ultimate objective is to assess the impact of stormwater decision-making on environmental outcomes in urbanizing regions.
(Current project)
Researchers: Gregory Pierce, Kelsey Jessup, and Kyra Gmoser-Daskalakis
Water-scarce urban areas in California miss out on billions of gallons of fresh water each year as rain washes into storm drains and out to sea. A nearly $2 million grant-funded project seeks to transform University of California campuses into living laboratories that show how urban stormwater can safely augment water supplies and minimize flood risk. Through coordinated research, modeling, and engagement with university officials and regulatory agencies, the research team will develop the science, engineering, and policy innovations needed to usher in a new era of treating stormwater as a resource rather than a liability.
Gregory Pierce, associate director of research for LCI, is part of a research team comprising faculty, staff, and students from all five southern University of California (UC) campuses that received the grant from UC’s Multi-campus Research Programs and Initiatives. Their role on the larger team is to examine how universities compare to cities in terms of governance and financial capacity to invest in green infrastructure, and how to overcome barriers in capacity to enhance stormwater capture more broadly in the region. The work has included a comparative analysis of how various cities are approaching stormwater capture and management, and why.
(2016 guidebook)
Authors: J.R. DeShazo, Colleen Callahan, Kelsey Jessup, Mara Elana Burstein, Andrew Pasillas, Jimmy Tran, and Cameron Robertson
For an example of what communities can do with land that adjoins the Los Angeles River, look no further than Marsh Park — 3.9 acres of greenway in the Elysian Valley neighborhood of Los Angeles, not far from downtown. The park features trees, green infrastructure, play and fitness equipment, a walking path, picnic tables and an open-air pavilion. It is built around a large industrial building that houses a company that takes modular shipping containers and turns them into residences for the homeless. The park also serves as a gateway to the L.A. River and is one of the case studies featured in the Los Angeles River Greenway Guide.
The guide describes the experience of community residents and other leaders who have successfully developed portions of the L.A. River greenway, and provides advice to those interested in promoting a continuous greenway in their community. It features 14 case studies of small and large projects that have improved community access to the L.A. River and/or created parks, pathways, or bridges along it. The guide also includes considerations for how to:
- develop clear project goals, strategic partnerships, and reasonable timelines;
- engage and empower community members;
- develop creative project designs;
- determine accurate project costs;
- consider funding options;
- effectively coordinate with numerous permitting agencies and private land owners;
- and sustain long-term project operations and maintenance.
UCLA researchers developed the guide based on a collaborative process that involved dozens of interviews and several community events. The project was supported by The Rosalinde and Arthur Gilbert Foundation, the David Bohnett Foundation, and the California Endowment.
(2016 report)
Authors: J.R. DeShazo, Kelsey Jessup, and Ali Panjwani
During a historic drought that started in 2011, the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power increased, to $1.75 per square foot, the rate that property owners could receive for replacing turf with more drought resistant landscaping. A study by LCI answered two questions: Under what conditions does participation in the turf replacement program provide financial benefits to households? And is the turf replacement program a reasonably cost-effective investment for utilities and ratepayers?
Researchers used data accumulated from 2009 until 2015, during which time the City of Los Angeles spent more than $42 million on the turf replacement program. In partnership with the Metropolitan Water District they issued rebates for 15 million square feet of turf, saving approximately 66,000 gallons of water a year. To assess the economics of lawn replacement from the household perspective, the report measures the impact of different rebate levels, turf replacement costs, climate zones, and future expected water pricing on household financial benefits. Rebates of $1.75 result in a payback period for typical households and ratepayers of approximately 10 years, comparable to other investments such as solar. The report also calculates the payback periods for ratepayers based on varying levels of household participation in the turf replacement program and different levels of rebates.
(2013 policy and 2015 cost-benefit analyses)
Authors of 2013 policy review published by the Water Environmental Research Journal: Zita L.T. Yu, Anditya Rahardianto, J.R. DeShazo, Michael K. Stenstrom, and Yoram Cohen
Authors of 2015 cost-benefit analysis published by the Journal of the American Water Works Association: Zita L.T. Yu, J.R. DeShazo, Michael K. Stenstrom, and Yoram Cohen
The reuse of graywater has emerged as an important sector in water reuse, especially in arid regions. Defined as domestic wastewater not originated from toilets (e.g., generated by households’ hand-washing sinks, showers, bathtubs, and washing machines), graywater can often be reused onsite without treatment for subsurface irrigation while aboveground water reuse often is allowed only when treatment is provided.
In a study supported by LCI, researchers reviewed graywater reuse regulations and guidelines within the U.S. The policies included onsite treatment requirements, use application permits, and guidelines for graywater segregation as a separate wastewater stream. The study found that regulations in the majority of states promote safe graywater reuse but that there are also inconsistencies between plumbing codes and other regulations within and among the 50 states. Easing of restrictions and guidelines to promote development of low-cost and proven treatment technologies are needed to better promote graywater reuse.
In a related study also involving LCI, researchers performed a cost-benefit analysis of onsite graywater recycling in single- and multi-family residences, using Los Angeles as a case study. The authors compared a low-cost, wetland treatment system with a high-cost commercial treatment system in order to evaluate cost savings. The researchers found that commercial treatment options may be economically feasible only for multi-family dwellings with high water consumption. For single-family residences, a wetland treatment system was found to be cost-effective based on the amount of nonpotable water generally consumed by these households.
(2014 report)
Authors: Rachel Lindt, Colleen Callahan, and J.R. DeShazo
Alleys are largely underutilized and understudied. Cities across the U.S. are realizing the potential for alleys to operate as more than single-function spaces for vehicle use. As such, cities are increasingly transforming alleyways into multipurpose community assets. This report provides practical information for city staff, community members, and other stakeholders interested in supporting green alley efforts. Green alleys take many different forms — ranging from one-day community events to permanent pedestrian corridors. Infrastructure elements common to most green alleys include permeable paving, vegetation, and other stormwater management techniques.
The report introduces a green alley framework and provides example of completed alley transformations from across the U.S. Then it provides a more in-depth case study of the current Avalon Green Alley Network Demonstration Project in park-poor South Los Angeles. The report provides ideas and lessons for green alley design, funding, partnership development, community engagement, and the navigation of a complex regulatory environment. The challenges and solutions presented in this document can be transferable to communities nationwide.
(2012 book)
Authors: Suzanne Bogert, Ryan Snyder, Colleen Callahan, et al.
The Model Design Manual for Living Streets — honored by the American Planning Association — is a collaborative effort by national experts in living streets concepts. The book was funded by LCI and the Department of Health and Human Services through the Los Angeles County Department of Public Health. The manual focuses on all users and seeks to achieve balanced street design that can accommodate cars while ensuring that pedestrians, cyclists, and transit users can travel safely and comfortably. It also incorporates features to make streets lively, beautiful, economically vibrant, and environmentally sustainable.
This model manual offers a template for local municipalities and jurisdictions, especially those with limited resources, and provides the ability to tailor manuals to meet specific needs. It includes recommendations for how to maximize benefits and minimize costs associated with street design.
Vibrant streets, innovative parking policies, and desirable neighborhoods resulting from living streets can increase revenues for cities. Research shows that cities often experience increased economic development after adopting elements of living streets.
